Link between strategy and management control system of Tata Motors - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2662 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Introduction This essay addresses a very debatable yet imperative topic relating to the link between the strategy and management control system of an organization. The discussion in this essay roots from Andrew Campbells paper, Tailored, Not Benchmarked: A Fresh Look at Corporate Planning. This paper discusses the impact of benchmarking and the effect of efficient planning strategies on the value of an organisation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Link between strategy and management control system of Tata Motors" essay for you Create order He suggests that in place of deploying standardized benchmarking and planning strategies based on another organisation, each organisation needs to evaluate its internal environment and devise strategies according to the needs of the individual organisation. Campbell describes the planning process very appropriately in his paper as, A good planning process is unique to its company () carefully tailored to the needs of the businesses as well as to the skills, insights, and experiences of senior corporate managers. Furthermore, Campbell lays stress on the fact that organisations need to constantly monitor and modify their planning strategies to match the needs of the organisation and the dynamic business environment. In this paper, Campbell has very modestly touched upon the fact that management control systems (MCS) and strategy essentially complement each other and should be coordinated to produce the desired firm value (Campbell, 1999). MCS are defined as any formal, information-base d procedures and statements used by managers to monitor and influence the behavior and activities in a firm (Simons, 1994). While, strategy is a continuing pattern of decision making for the future of an organization (Mintzberg, 1978) deliberate (formal) or unintended (informal), that emerges due to the opportunities that arise in the organization or market (Merchant Stede, 2007; Langfield-Smith, 1997) An earlier perspective on this topic was provided by Anthony (1965, 1988) suggesting that, strategy is the constant given element in the organisation and management control systems hold the job of monitoring, modifying and tracking the progress of their implementation. Lorange et al (1986) introduced another association of management control and strategy in the concept of strategic control. Strategic control is a system constantly examining an organisations strategy with respect to its goals, and modifying them whenever the need arose. The one limitation all these perspectives suf fered from was the fact that, management control systems identified with the task of monitoring and modifying strategy only (Simons, 1990). Robert Simons (1990) introduced a new perspective proposing that management control systems were responsible for not only monitoring or implementation, but also for formation of strategy; hence establishing a very important relationship between management control systems and strategic choices of an organisation. Building on these ideas, this essay aims to analyse the link between management control system and strategy of Tata Motors Limited (TTM), a multinational automobile corporation headquartered in Mumbai, India. During the course of this essay, we will first have a look at TTMs background strategy, control systems, performance measurement system, and the risks they are facing. Followed by this will be a discussion on TTMs case in the light of different perspective mentioned above to observe whether there exists a link between the strate gy, management control system and performance measurement measures of TTM. Finally, we will have a look at some suggestions with regard to their control systems that could help TTM improve their position. Tata Motors Limited Background and Strategy TTM is a part of the Tata Group, the largest private corporate group in India. Tata group has business ventures in steel, communications, tea, information technology, power and hospitality aside from automobiles. TTM is Indias largest automobile company, with consolidated revenues $20 billion in 2009-10. It is the leader in commercial vehicles in each segment, and among the top three in passenger vehicles along with being the worlds fourth largest truck manufacturer, and the worlds second largest bus manufacturer. In addition to domestic growth, TTMs important strategic move over time has been international expansion. TTM has acquired Daewoo Commercial Vehicle Company Limited, Hispano Carrocera S.p.A. Spain, has a joint venture with Marco Polo of Brazil for production of buses and most recently acquired the iconic British brands Jaguar and Land Rover (Just-Auto editorial team, 2010). Tata motors follow a straightforward rule for expansion; since they have limited technological avai lability to get a presence on the global industrial scene, they look for countries with access to technology and products, find a strategic partner in that market, and then sell Tata motors products in that country whilst exporting their products and capacities regionally (Seshan Kumar, 2008). For example, In January 2006, Tata motors signed an agreement with Fiat Group to sell Fiat vehicles through the Tata Motors outlets in India. In May 2006, the joint venture of Tata Motors with Fiat grew into an industrial partnership for sharing Indian facilities to manufacture vehicles, engines and transmissions for Indian and overseas markets (Just-Auto editorial team, 2010). Along with Internationalisation of operations, TTM follows the strategy of product innovation, which provides TTM with its competitive edge reasonably priced products. It started with introducing the innovative 407 platform for trucks in the 1980s, designed especially to suit Indian road conditions, in consideratio n with rural areas. Moreover, even today towards the end of the third decade of its existence it dominates two-third of the market. In 1998, TTM launched the first indigenously designed passenger car in India, the Tata Indica sporting innovation by providing more space, contemporary features at a very competitive price. In 2005, TTM launched Indias first mini truck, a small sub one-tonne vehicle facilitating intra-city or shorter distances. This vehicle was designed to replace the three-wheeler carriages market in India by a more sophisticated four-wheeled mode of transport at almost the same price. It used a two-cylinder engine, provided only in Irish crà ¨me colour and had a rigid front axle and rear wheel drive for low cost. The most recent innovation TTM has come out with is the 632-cc Tata Nano, claimed to be the cheapest car in the world also called the Peoples car/ Rupees 1 lakh car ($2500). The target price itself became the source of innovation, as industry claims that it is impossible to make a car at that price. This car is developed based on a series of innovative ideas; engine was packaged on the rear side; two cylinder engine (conventionally there are three-four cylinder engines); identical handles and mechanisms for left and right side doors. Moreover, the speedometer and other instruments panel in the Nano are in the centre of the dashboard, rather than facing the driver, to make it easy and cheaper to switch the position of the steering wheel from the right to the left facilitating exports to other markets as well (Seshan Kumar, 2008). Furthermore the car has unconventional seats; maximising the interior space by pushing the wheels to the corners and power train to below the rear seat creating sufficient space to accommodate three-to-four people (BMA, 2010). Analysis Management control system and Performance Measurement System To sustain the innovation in products and expansion in markets TTM had to introduce changes in their MCS to complement their strategic moves.TTM has two main divisions based on the type of vehicles passenger cars and commercial vehicles (CVBU). With increasing operations TTM In the year 2000, TTMs CVBU suffered its first loss of $2.5 million that led the company to adopt the Tata Business Excellence Model (TBEM). TBEM, based on Malcolm Baldridge Award for business excellence and Balanced Scorecards as its performance measurement, which will be discussed in depth later (Tata Group| Corporate Governance| Busniess Excellence, 2010). TTM saw shift from a more hierarchical structure to a flatter organisational structure, facilitating easy communication between employees. The change in business model complimented the change in the information technology system too. TTM uses an integration of outsourced facilities some of which are Ariba for supplier negotiations; product lifecycle manag ement and advanced computer aided designs for the engineering and designs of their products; SAP enterprise software application and programmes for enterprise resource planning and increasing transaction effectiveness. Through this, the activities of all departments production, manufacturing, purchase, finance operations etc, were interlinked facilitating better control and coordination by means of an efficient supply-chain management system. Furthermore, TTM changed their product development process and introduced a more collaborative process utilizing the capabilities of different venture partners, suppliers, design houses, subsidiaries and associate companies specialising in different verticals. With the transition of the in-house production process TTM realised the importance of expanding into the international market and thus adopted the internationalisation philosophy mentioned above, to keep in line with their goals and objectives at the same time as gaining access to diffe rent markets (BMA, 2010). TTM has a strategic preview of their plans every 5 years where plans are altered whilst introducing new goals and objectives. A well-defined process for the preparation and monitoring of the annual budgets and long-term business plans is followed. There are meetings twice a month of the management committee at operational levels to review the operations and plans of key business areas. TTM has a set of corporate policies, the Tata Code of Conduct, covering the integrity of financial reporting, ethical conducts, regulatory compliance, conflict of interests review and reporting of concerns. All employees have regular exposure to this through fast flowing information between the management and the employees by means of articles, magazines and newsletters (Jamble, Sukate, Guha, Mhasade, Sumeet, Tonk, 2010). TTM has an intact performance measurement system keeping in line with their strategy of offering innovation at a competitive price, as mentioned abov e the Balanced Scorecard. After suffering their first loss in more than fifty years in 2000, TTM had to resort to stringent cost cutting across all business units, which poised a challenge. TATA Motors Commercial Vehicle Business Unit then employed the balanced scorecard. With the process in progress, the genuine problem revealed itself. It turned out that the manual nature of the review procedures of such a huge structure was getting extremely difficult to implement and consuming valuable amount of time. To address this, the Balanced Scorecard Automation Tool was implemented that would centralise, assimilate and collate the data, providing rapid review and analytical functionality and a comprehensive single picture of organisational performance. Within two years of this, CVBU registered a profit of $ 2.3 Million from the loss of $ 2.5 Million, leading to 60% of TTMs inventory turnover. Initially, CVBU had started the balanced scorecard with only corporate level scorecard; but with its success, now it has expanded to six hierarchical levels with three hundred and thirty one scorecards, additionally looking forward to proliferate it to the lowest level of organisational structure (Huda, 2009). Risks Fetching the advantage of low cost of labour in India, and cheaper resources, TTM places itself as a firm providing innovation at a lower cost, but they do not necessarily produce differentiated products. Their innovation only lies in the fact that they offer a multitude of features suitable for Indian conditions at a lower price, that no other Indian company does (lower competition in domestic market). The threat that TTM faces is the managing of two different segments of vehicles at the same time, the higher priced premium segment (Jaguar and Land Rover) and the very low priced segment (Tata Nano); the low cost manufacturing would not be as advantageous its premium segments car (Seshan Kumar, 2008). Moreover, other Indian manufacturers teaming up internationally like Renault Logan (joint venture between Mahindra and Renault) will intensify the competition for TTM. Further, by entering into the premium cars and sports utility vehicles segment, TTM now faces competition from vario us other brands like Audi, BMW, Daimler, and Volkswagen (Wentz, 2008). Moreover, Through TTMs core strategy of internationalisation, they depend on exports for revenues. But, as the position of the Indian Rupee has now strengthened, it is posing a challenge resulting in a lesser than expected export realisation (Kurup Toms, 2008). Aside from that, TTMs low cost products rely on low quality and its international competitors like Hyundai and Maruti Suzuki have internationally approved quality. Therefore, TTM needs to address its critical quality issue to be an international player (editorial team, 2010) From the discussion about TTM, it can be observed that there is a very evident alignment of its strategy with its performance measurement system and management control systems. The corporate strategy of a company helps in the decision of the company regarding the type of businesses to operate in (Johnson Scholes, 1989), how to structure and finance the company, how to acquire and utilize the resources to convert distinct competencies into competitive advantages (Andrews, 1980 cited in; Langfield-Smith, 1997). TTMs MCS boasts a much-organised structure comprising of formal control standard operating procedures, budgetary controls; informal controls regular interaction with employees, interactive communication system (also facilitating personnel control); administrative and social controls plying ethical codes of conduct; which exemplifies that TTMs MCS has a well-defined structure complementing its precise strategic perspective (Langfield-Smith, 1997). By changing the organisational structure and introducing a new performance measurement system (the balanced scorecard), it can be noticed that TTM reviews its MCS has a frequent strategic preview and initiate changes as and when the need arises. Furthermore, it is noticeable that TTM is a follower of the contingency school of thought, which advocates that organisational effectiveness results from deploying a dministrative practices (like performance measurement) in a way that fits the contingencies the organisation functions within. Rather it is noticeable that, while adapting to these contingencies, TTM is finding new practices that match their organisation than relying on the ones other organisations use (Chenhall, 2006). Scope for Improvement Robert Simons (1995) suggested that for managers of modern organisations, it is a difficult task to manage employees and organisation efficiently while giving them enough space to come up with new and innovative ideas at the same time controlling them enough so that they do not misuse this freedom. He suggested four levers of control, the belief system; boundary systems; diagnostic control systems and interactive control systems (Simons, 1995). While the belief systems inculcate core values of the organisation, the boundary systems specify what needs avoidance. On the other hand, diagnostic control systems determine critical performance variables and the interactive control systems help resolve strategic uncertainties (Triantafylli, 2010). For successful implementation of lever of controls, the organisations has to make sure that all the four levers are complementarily in place to produce the desired organisational performance keeping in line with the strategy. For TTM while the ap propriate belief and boundary systems are in place, there seems to be a lack of diagnostic and interactive control systems. A number of key issues that require attention have been pointed out in the earlier section relating to their strategy with respect to competition, quality and exports. If TTM had the diagnostic and interactive control systems in place then these critical areas would have been resolved with an appropriate solution leading to effective organisational performance. Alongside, TTMs strategy would have accounted for these shortcomings if intact levers of controls were in place. Conclusion TTM is one of the strong contenders in the Indian automobile market heading towards a more international sphere. If it continues with innovation and the cost advantage, the organisation would be able to make successful headway. To achieve that, TTM needs to look into some areas that require attention, bring the required changes to its organisational processes, strategy, and control systems. Although, there is a strong link between the MCS and strategy for TTM, but it could be put to a more valuable use by employing the appropriate changes. Reverting to Campbells statement mentioned earlier, it is clearly noticeable that TTM does not benchmark, but focus on its external and internal advantages and utilizes the resources appropriately. This is evident from the fact that they use the availability of cheaper resources and labour to obtain their cost advantage and that TTM introduced new performance measurement system with the change in their strategy to complement it. Furthermore, TTM has utilized the availability of technical expertise to manufacture innovative products, gain a competitive edge in the market, and carve a niche for itself. Therefore, TTM has its unique strategy and competitive edge gained by virtue of its effective management control system that has been responsible for TTMs success.

The Effects Of Human Activity On Marine Creatures

Population explosion, shortage of resources and the pollution are three major problems that challenge people nowadays. While resources on land are beginning to decrease, the ocean, however, still offers hope to satisfy people’s needs for present and in the future. With the rapid development of technology, people have extended their activity to the ocean, such as voyage by liners, exploring by submarines, offshore drilling and sea reclamation. Although humans can benefit from doing so, the effect of anthropogenic activity on marine creatures cannot be neglected at the same time. Marine life can be defined as any living plant or animal in the ocean. Marine animals include squids, corals, whales and fish, while marine plants include sea grasses and algae. This essay has attempts to show that human activity has a generally harmful impact on marine creatures. 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Business Intelligence Using Big Data for Growing Opportunities

Question: Discuss about the Business Intelligence Using Big Data for Growing Opportunities. Answer: Introduction Big Data is one of the fastest growing opportunities that are generating huge revenue of multibillion dollar (Wang et al. 2014). From different studies it had been found that the use case requires special combination of hardware and software services to have an effective effect of the technology (DeLyser and Sui 2013). The big data is the newly evolved technology and it is highly customable according to the needs of the industry. The report discusses about the analysis and application of big data in the health care industry. For the analysis the difference between online and offline big data is analyzed and different strategies adopted for selecting the right application that would suit the health care industry. The outcomes that are expected by the health care industry and the technologies that are involved in the big data solutions are also discussed. Lastly the impact of big data on the organization is discussed in the report. Difference between online and Offline Data Big data is the technology and initiative that includes the data that is diverse in nature or changing at a rapid rate. Big data is related with the creation of data, retrieval, analysis and storage which is notable in terms of velocity, variety and volume (Chen et al. 2014). The new technologies developed had made it possible to take in value from Big data e.g: the clicks of the user can be tracked in the ecommerce websites to identify the behavior of the user and improve the service of the website, pricing and stocks. The big data technologies can be of two types: Online Big data, and Offline Big data Online Big data Offline Big data Online Big Data systems offer operational competency for real-time and interactive workloads. Data is ingested and stored with no lag in time over online database servers (Sagiroglu and Sinanc 2013). Examples of online big data applications include real time advertising server, social networking news feeds, analytics tools and Customer Relationship Management tools. Offline Big Data systems include analytical capabilities for retrospective, sophisticated analyses that can load most of the data. Hadoop is an example of an Offline Big Data technology. Strategy to select right Big Data application The big data service is required to be chosen according to the need of the organization i.e. the according to the amount of data generated. The data can be used efficiently once the needs of the business organization are clearly understood (George et al. 2014). So it is essential to have a proper analysis on the current business process and select the right application best fitted for the business. The chosen application must be scalable and it should be capable of handling many types of data (Groves et al. 2013). The data of an organization goes on increasing day by day and thus the chosen application should give the option of further expansion to the storage space for organization (Letouz 2013). It should be noted that the performance of the application should not hamper after expanding the database. The application chosen should be open to handle a wide variety of data whether structured or unstructured in format. The security provide by the application should also be noted, the m ost of the products available in the market provides security in their own way but it is essential that the application must provide security from end to end. The data should be protected during its usage via online application and analysis. From the analysis it is found that the application of Hadoop would be best for the healthcare industry. Listed desired outcome from Big Data Solution Information investigation in health care is a blend of clinical development and innovation together. As the hospital industry is consistently creating a lot of information in various structures, it is verging on difficult to deal with this information over delicate or printed copy positions (Wu et al. 2014). According to the present trend there is a requirement to digitization the expanding information. Driven by obligatory prerequisites, the present era favors "Information Analytics". The Hadoop system underpins an extensive variety of social insurance capacities to enhance administrations and tackle issues in medicinal services segment (Murdoch and Detsky 2013). It is best suited for handling terabytes and petabytes of information, as a consequence of which, information examination gets to be less demanding. The analysis of the data in the healthcare industry can be utilized to bring the measures up such as: General Health: By breaking down the pattern of the disease of the patients and analyzing the records of sickness flare-ups, general health issues can be enhanced with examination approach (George et al. 2014). Extensive measure of information can decide needs, offer required administrations and foresee and keep the future emergencies to advantage the populace. Electronic Medical Record or EMR: The EMR consists of the standard data that are related with the health condition of the patients and the data can be evaluated using the approach of data analytic that helps in predicting the risk associated with the patients health and provide him effective treatment. Analysis of the patient record: the patient records can be analyzed with advanced analytical methods that would help the patient to identify the disease and the lifestyle the patient should follow. Genomic Analytics: This approach can be used to include the Genomic analysis as a regular process in the medical care system (Groves et al. 2013). Fraud Analysis: The insurance claim that is fraud can be analyzed and thus the fraud case can be curtailed down. The abuse, waste and fraud of the insurance can also be reduced. Safety monitoring: The large volume of fast data in the hospitals can be analyzed in real time and thus increasing the safety of the data and reducing harmful even prediction. Discussion on Technologies used in Big data solutions The topic Big data is vast and consists of new technology and trends and is constantly evolving at a rapid rate. Some of the technologies related with the big data are discussed below: Column-oriented databases- the row oriented database is the best suited for the online transactions because the update speed of the database in this method is much higher. This method may lack in performing the query if there in an increase in the volume of the data and the data becomes unstructured (Fan et al. 2014). But in case of column oriented database system the data are stored in the database keeping focus on the columns and thus works on huge volume of data without reducing the execution time. On the other hand it is much slower in updating the database. Schema-less databases, or NoSQL databases- Several types of database like key value store, document store that have main focus on the storage and recovery of large amount of data falls in this category (Wu et al. 2014). The performance of the database is increased by solving the restrictions such as consistency of reading and writing, scalability and distribution that are associated with the traditional database systems. MapReduce- This technology uses programming approach and is used to execute among thousands of database servers. The Map Reduce process consists of two tasks. The map task converts the input data into different types of value or key pairs. The reduce task combines the tuples and reduces the output of the map. Storage Technologies- There is an increase in the growth of the volume of the data and thus an effective storage technique is needed to handle the vast datasets (Minelli et al. 2012). There is an evolution in the data storage applying the technique of compression and virtualization of data. Sky tree- It is a data analytic and machine learning platform that have focus on handling Big data. It is very useful because it uses machine learning platform which is essential to explore the massive volumes of data and manual exploration or automatic exploration process is much expensive if used to handle large volume of data. Hadoop is an open source platform and works on the Map reduce technology. Hadoop is efficient to work using multiple data sources and process large scale of data (Lohr 2012). It is flexible to work with different application where the data are constantly changing such as social media, traffic sensor data etc. SQL like bridge can be used in hadoop to make BI applications query in the Hadoop cluster (Fan and Bifet 2013). Hadoop requires a high level knowledge of the developer for the implementation of MapReduce technology. The websites can explore and use the user information to provide real time response to the user such as recommendation, personalization and taking decision (Riggins and Wamba 2015). Several web analysis tools work on Hadoop and this technique is called Wibidata. Business impact of Big Data Deploying Hadoop in the health care industry would have a positive impact on the business like Optimized customer service and treatment- using the patient data available from different hospitals and policlinics the patients can be benefited and the healthcare organization can plan faster to provide the appropriate treatment (Letouz 2013). Save money through accurate data- the data analyzed would be accurate and thus can avoid mistakes, delays and miscalculations and the here the application of Hadoop can improve the accuracy and quality of the data (Fan and Bifet 2013). Better treatment based on analysis of data- The application of Hadoop would facilitate research into specific topics where a huge volume of data is available. Improve position by providing quality and services- the current position of the health care organization can be seen and it would increase the treatment speed and success rate of each treatment and also help in researching on a typical disease (Chen and Zhang 2014). Optimization of the insurance through treatment analysis- The client information regarding insurances can be analyzed for providing treatments of medical institutions and thus most effective treatment and use the data to save money can be applied in the treatment process. Organizational impact of Big Data Hadoop have a large potential to contribute in different areas of the Health care industry. At the moment there are some good initiatives, but this is not good enough to keep up with the demand of the healthcare services and the rising costs (Chen and Zhang 2014). Relative improvements can be: Electronic health records (EMR/ HER, or EPD) which serves the patient. Structuring data and information for service optimization. Accurate information about the patients can reduce mistakes Cost optimization through efficiency of new e-health system services Increased customer satisfaction Analysis of big data sets for RD purposes Utilizing huge information is both a mechanical and vital issue. Other than cost adequacy the social insurance division needs to accomplish enhancements in blending information from numerous sources. Gaining knowledge from their information would change the way they interface with the patients, contenders and the business sector through information driven basic leadership (Fan and Bifet 2013). However the healthcare industry would not accomplish the critical worth accessible from Hadoop without radical changes in controls and framework wide incentives. Accomplishing those progressions would be troublesome yet the potential prize is great to the point that the medicinal services officials and the strategy creators ought not disregard these open doors (Riggins and Wamba 2015). Huge commitments can be normal from information mining and investigation. Conclusion The report states the application of Big data in the health care environment. The big data have opened an attractive job opportunity and it acts as a technology driver and increase in investment in the service. But it is a new technology and is still in the development stage and has rumors that the business which adopted the technology earlier has faced lots of problem adopting the technology. The difference of online and offline data is discussed in the report and the right application is chosen for the application of big data in the health care industry. The technologies available in Hadoop that can be utilized in the health care industry are also discussed in the report. The impact of the application on the health care industry and the management of the process that would help the organization are also discussed in the report. References Chen, C.P. and Zhang, C.Y., 2014. Data-intensive applications, challenges, techniques and technologies: A survey on Big Data.Information Sciences,275, pp.314-347. Chen, H., Chiang, R.H. and Storey, V.C., 2012. Business Intelligence and Analytics: From Big Data to Big Impact.MIS quarterly,36(4), pp.1165-1188. Chen, M., Mao, S. and Liu, Y., 2014. Big data: a survey.Mobile Networks and Applications,19(2), pp.171-209. DeLyser, D. and Sui, D., 2013. Crossing the qualitative-quantitative divide II Inventive approaches to big data, mobile methods, and rhythmanalysis.Progress in Human Geography,37(2), pp.293-305. Fan, J., Han, F. and Liu, H., 2014. Challenges of big data analysis. National science review, 1(2), pp.293-314. Fan, W. and Bifet, A., 2013. Mining big data: current status, and forecast to the future.ACM sIGKDD Explorations Newsletter,14(2), pp.1-5. George, G., Haas, M.R. and Pentland, A., 2014. Big data and management.Academy of Management Journal,57(2), pp.321-326. Groves, P., Kayyali, B., Knott, D. and Van Kuiken, S., 2013. The big datarevolution in healthcare. McKinsey Quarterly, 2. Letouz, E., 2013. Big Data for Development.Retrieved April,2(2013), p.14. Lohr, S., 2012. The age of big data. New York Times, 11. Minelli, M., Chambers, M. and Dhiraj, A., 2012. Big data, big analytics: emerging business intelligence and analytic trends for today's businesses. John Wiley Sons. Murdoch, T.B. and Detsky, A.S., 2013. The inevitable application of big data to health care.Jama,309(13), pp.1351-1352. Riggins, F.J. and Wamba, S.F., 2015, January. Research directions on the adoption, usage, and impact of the internet of things through the use of big data analytics. In System Sciences (HICSS), 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on (pp. 1531-1540). IEEE. Sagiroglu, S. and Sinanc, D., 2013, May. Big data: A review. InCollaboration Technologies and Systems (CTS), 2013 International Conference on(pp. 42-47). IEEE. Wang, L., Zhan, J., Luo, C., Zhu, Y., Yang, Q., He, Y., Gao, W., Jia, Z., Shi, Y., Zhang, S. and Zheng, C., 2014, February. Bigdatabench: A big data benchmark suite from internet services. In2014 IEEE 20th International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA)(pp. 488-499). IEEE. Wu, X., Zhu, X., Wu, G.Q. and Ding, W., 2014. Data mining with big data.IEEE transactions on knowledge and data engineering,26(1), pp.97-107.

The History Of The University Of Athens

The History Of The University Of Athens-Greece Essay The University of Athens was inaugurated on 3 May 1837 and was housed in the residence of architect Stamatis Cleanthes, on the north east side of the Acropolis. It was the first University not only in the newly-established Greek State but in all the Balkans and the Eastern Mediterranean in general. The Othonian University, as it was called before taking its present name, National and Capodistrian University of Athens, consisted of four Faculties, Theology, Law, Medicine and Arts (which included applied sciences and mathematics) It had 33 professors, 52 students and 75 non-matriculated auditors. New Classes began in a new building which designed by Danish architect Christian Hansen, in November 1841. At the same time as the Main University Building was being erected, work was also in progress on the library, the scientific collections, the laboratories and the annexes essential for the teaching and training of the students. By 1840 fifteen thousand volumes had been donated or purchased for the library. A major change in the stucture of the university came about in 1904, when the Faculty of Arts was split into two separate Faculties : that of Arts and that of Sciences, the latter consisting of the departments of Physics and Mathematics and the School of Pharmacy. In 1919 a department of Chemistry was added, and in 1922 the school of Pharmacy was renamed a Department. We will write a custom essay on The History Of The University Of Athens-Greece specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A further change came about when the School of Dentistry now Department of was added to the Faculty of Medicine. In this first and heroic period for Greek education, the professors of the University made superhuman efforts to bridge rhe gap between their newly founded institution and equivalent ones in advanced countries with centuries of tradition behind them. In the meantime, the number of students was rising. From 52 in 1837 enrolment reached 3358 in 1866 and calculations inticate that as a proportion of the Greek State the students represented a percentage higher than and sometimes in excess of that in the European states twenty years laterand ten times greater than that of other Balkan states and Russia. Between 1895 and 1911 an average of one thousand new students entered the Faculties each year, a figure which rose to two thousand at the end of World War I. This led to the decision to introduce entrance examinations for all the Faculties, beginning in the academic year 1927-28. Since 1954 the number of students admitted each year has been fixed by the Ministry of Education and Religion, on the proposal of the Faculties. In the 1960s construction work began on the University Campus in the suburb of Zografou. The completed Campus buildings now include those of Arts and Theology, some Departments of the Faculty of Sciences and the Students Hall of Residence.

How Does Your Child Act Essays - Boys, Tomboy,

How Does Your Child Act? How Does Your Child Act? First of all I think that in the back of every parents mind are questions concerning their child's future. Like will it be a doctor, a lawyer, or the next president of the United States. But with these questions there are also more questions that are not discussed freely like what if it is a bad child or it is uncontrollable? And will it do drugs or try alcohol and smoke cigarettes? Another question that might be in the back of a parents mind is about its child's sexual orientation. I know this may seem far fetched to some people but if I had a child right now in todays world, that question would not be in the back of my mind but in the front. I know that any parent and including me will love their child no matter what it's sexual orientation, but I know that most if not all parents would prefer that their kids be straight. This is not so they won't be embarrass or ashamed by their child, but only for the protection of their child. As we all know this world is not a safe place for people that are different. I think that parents are concerned when their girl acts like a tomboy, but they get really scared when their son starts doing what we traditionally consider girl stuff. A child should be raised to be whomever he or she chooses and the child shouldn't have to accept society, but society should accept the child for who they are. A parents reaction to their daughter acting like a tomboy is very passive and they play it off humorously and sometimes they even encourage it. This doesn't apply to some parents but most parents react this way when their daughter acts like a boy and does boy stuff. I used to know a girl that was a tomboy. She always hung around with boys even in middle school. She had al guy friends and would play boys games. Not once did I ever hear her parents say anything to make her stop acting like a tomboy, instead they encouraged. For instance they used to take all her friends, we were all boys to baseball games and hockey games. There was never another girl there except for herself. And I guess she felt comfortable hanging around with boys and her parents didn't mind as long as she was happy, because that was really what mattered. On the other hand there was my neighbors son. This boy was the total opposite of the girl. He never played with boys but he was always around girls. He was always teased by the other boys including me, but we were all young back then. But looking back at this, it's weird to notice that we always made fun of the boy who acted like a girl but never did I hear anyone make fun of the girl. I think that the boys parents were more upset about the little boys playmates than anyone else. The boys father, my neighbor used to push the boy into doing boy stuff like playing little league baseball and pop warner football. Whenever the father saw us boys playing football or basketball on the street, he would literally drag the boy out of the house to make him play with us. The little boy would be in tears crying but you could still hear his father encouraging him to play. We all knew that the boy was scared straight by his father and dared not to disobey his father, but he didn't want to play. Even the boys mother was like his father. If other girls came to play with the boy, she would not let him out. So then a couple of boys used to go and get him out of his house, which his mom agreed to so he could secretly play with the other girls. Looking back at this makes me think that those actions by both the girl and the boy didn't really mean anything because we were only nine or ten years old. There are a lot of reasons to why there is a double standard for girls acting like boys and boys acting like girls. The boys get the hard rough end of the stick. Everyone is okay with girls acting like tomboys but as soon as a boy acts like a

Earth Population Essays - Demography, Human Overpopulation

Earth Population Essays - Demography, Human Overpopulation Earth Population Our Earth has changed more dramatically in the 20th Century then in any other time period previous. During this time the health of our planet has also been both harmed and improved in dramatic ways. Two examples are that in this century, we have produced more air pollution then ever before, but our nature conservation efforts are working. Based on that type of logic, it is usually very easy for a scientist to tell if a particular change in our environment during the 20th Century, was good or bad for our planet. That is where population growth comes in and breaks this idea. Is population growth good or bad for our world? This is a question which scientists around the world have been debateing about for decades. The purpose of this essay will address that question. It will also talk about the future growth rate of our world's population, what if any relationship can be drawn from over population and the GNP and literacy levels in a country, what types of population control measures the four largest countries use, and finally determine if there are any population problems and find solutions for them. Despite extensive population control measures, the country with the largest population is China. In fact China contains almost one-fourth of the world's people at around 1.2 billion. During the 1950's the population grew at a rate of 2% per year. The rate of growth slowed to 1.3% by 1990, in part due to population control measures. China's population control measures are based around a creul policy allowing parents only one child. This policy has led to higher levels of abortion, sterilizations, and inficide than in any other country in the world. The dramatic declines in China's population growth rate have however taken place well before the one child policy went into effect in 1979. This further confuses experts who study population and try to determine why population rates flucuate. Some of these experts suggest that aside from the one child policy China's growth rate might have decreased from 2.0 to 1.3 percent because of major improvements in infant mortality rates. Thus parents had more confidence that their children would live to maturity. Also, as China has moved to become a more industrialized country families have chosen to reduce family size. For example in our country 200 years ago families were large because the more kids a family had the more successful the farm would be. Those are a few reasons the population rate in China might be lower than in years previous and continue to slow down.

Personal Case Study Reflection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Case Study Reflection - Assignment Example The other team members I lead are J.J (John), Su and Wang. Leadership and Communication (interpersonal communication) Proper communication is a very crucial skill in leadership. Communication is the core element of leadership since the leader is set in a position of dealing with human beings who naturally differ in behavior and emotional stability (Goldhaber, 1993). Different people communicate differently and to set a healthy interpersonal communication among them, the leader has to be knowledgeable of their distinct nature and handle them with relevant and appropriate skills to ensure that work continues in an atmosphere conducive for interpersonal relations (Agarwal, 2010). The leader must develop appropriate communication skills when dealing with his or her subjects. This promotes high productivity among the subject and even sets the working environment full of peace and tranquility (Goldhaber, 1993). In my groups first meeting, everyone maintained the state of tranquility since we were ball strangers and everybody was mindful about the exposure of their true personalities; but, in the second meeting, hell broke loose. Lack of communication; especially between Su and J.J, who seemed to be different in everything from the content of their ideas to the nature of their personalities. It appeared that at times they were both right but had different ways of how they presented their ideas and this led to further confusion. Effective communication involves should be maintained both between the management and the subjects and between the subjects themselves for proper interpersonal communication (Harvard business review on effective communication, 1999). As I reflect on what I had to go through to get the group working, I realized that the first and the most important element of leadership that the leader must struggle to have is the right communication skills for his or her subjects: the communication skills that will promote peace among the members. Motivational leadership and Goal setting I had to set the goals and ensure all the team members adhered to the conditions set to meet these goals. However, the team members needed motivation in order to execute the processes set to meet these goals. Wang’s personality and attitude was not good enough to get the team effective and efficient. On the other side, Su was effective and hardworking, but too had her limitations when it came to communication strategies. She was the emotional type who would rather please her emotions at the opportunity cost of her function. J.J or John was the worst in the group. He was non co-operative and controversial. He paralyzed the group’s progress with this negative attitude. All these had to be solved so fast before the time limitation. Because of the differences between Su and John, Wang’s non-contributory nature was making the group’s situation worse; and this is why I had to think fast and provide the necessary motivation she requir ed. If only she could emerge effective at the face of Su and Johns differences, they would realize the need for important contribution other than conflict and this really took the group extra miles. She effectively contributed on one occasion and surprised everyone with the great ideas she came out with – attributed to the motivation and the boost of self-confidence she attained when we had a private talk. Su and John started to resolve their conflicts and in the last meeting, they were all helpful as the group met for the final revision of the